Biography of Mahmud of Ghazni, First Sultan in History

Mahmud of Ghazni (Nov. 2, 971–April 30, 1030), the first ruler in history to assume the title of sultan, founded the Ghaznavid Empire. His title signified that the Muslim Caliph remained the religious leader of the empire despite being the political leader of a vast swath of land, encompassing much of what is now Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. Fast Facts: Mahmud of Ghazni Known For: First sultan in historyAlso Known As: Yamin ad-Dawlah Abdul-Qasim Mahmud ibn SabukteginBorn: Nov. 2, 971 in Ghazna,  Zabulistan,  Samanid EmpireParents: Abu Mansur Sabuktigin, Mahmud-i Zavuli  Died: April 30, 1030 in GhaznaHonor: Pakistan named its  short-range ballistic missile  the  Ghaznavi Missile  in his honor.Spouse: Kausari JahanChildren: Mohammad  and  Masud (twins) Early Life On Nov. 2, 971, Yamin ad-Dawlah Abdul-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktegin, better known as Mahmud of Ghazni, was born in the town of Ghazna (now known as Ghazni), in southeast Afghanistan. His father Abu Mansur Sabuktegin was Turkic, a former Mamluk warrior-slave from Ghazni. When the Samanid dynasty, based in Bukhara (now in Uzbekistan) began to crumble, Sabuktegin seized control of his hometown of Ghazni in 977. He then conquered other major Afghan cities, such as Kandahar. His kingdom formed the core of the Ghaznavid Empire, and he is credited with founding the dynasty. Not much is known about Mahmud of Ghaznis childhood. He had two younger brothers; the second one, Ismail, was born to Sabuktegins principal wife. The fact that she, unlike Mahmuds mother, was a free-born woman of noble blood would turn out to be key in the question of succession when Sabuktegin died during a military campaign in 997. Rise to Power On his deathbed, Sabuktegin passed over his militarily and diplomatically skilled eldest son Mahmud, 27, in favor of the second son, Ismail. It seems likely that he chose Ismail because he was not descended from slaves on both sides, unlike the elder and younger brothers. When Mahmud, who was stationed at Nishapur (now in Iran), heard of his brothers appointment to the throne, he immediately marched east to challenge Ismails right to rule. Mahmud overcame his brothers supporters in 998, seized Ghazni, took the throne for himself, and placed his younger brother under house arrest for the rest of his life. The new sultan would rule until his own death in 1030. Expanding the Empire Mahmuds early conquests expanded the Ghaznavid realm to roughly the same footprint as the ancient Kushan Empire. He employed typical Central Asian military techniques and tactics, relying primarily on a highly mobile horse-mounted cavalry, armed with compound bows. By 1001, Mahmud had turned his attention to the fertile lands of the Punjab, now in India, which lay southeast of his empire. The target region belonged to fierce but fractious Hindu Rajput kings, who refused to coordinate their defense against the Muslim threat from Afghanistan. In addition, the Rajputs used a combination of infantry and elephant-mounted cavalry, a formidable but slower-moving form of army than the Ghaznavids horse cavalry. Ruling a Huge State Over the next three decades, Mahmud of Ghazni would make more than a dozen military strikes into Hindu and Ismaili kingdoms to the south. By the time of his death, Mahmuds empire stretched to the shores of the Indian Ocean at southern Gujarat. Mahmud appointed local vassal kings to rule in his name in many of the conquered regions, easing relations with non-Muslim populations. He also welcomed Hindu and Ismaili soldiers and officers into his army. However, as the cost of constant expansion and warfare began to strain the Ghaznavid treasury in the later years of his reign, Mahmud ordered his troops to target Hindu temples and strip them of vast quantities of gold. Domestic Policies The Sultan Mahmud loved books and honored learned men. In his home base at Ghazni, he built a library to rival that of the Abbasid caliphs court in Baghdad, now in Iraq. Mahmud of Ghazni also sponsored the construction of universities, palaces, and grand mosques, making his capital city the jewel of Central Asia. Final Campaign and Death In 1026, the 55-year-old sultan set out to invade the state of Kathiawar, on Indias west (Arabian Sea) coast. His army drove as far south as Somnath, famous for its beautiful temple to the Lord Shiva. Although Mahmuds troops successfully captured Somnath, looting and destroying the temple, there was troubling news from Afghanistan. A number of other Turkic tribes had risen up to challenge Ghaznavid rule, including the Seljuk Turks, who had already captured Merv (Turkmenistan) and Nishapur (Iran). These challengers had already begun to nibble away at the edges of the Ghaznavid Empire by the time Mahmud died on April 30, 1030. The sultan was 59 years old. Legacy Mahmud of Ghazni left behind a mixed legacy. His empire would survive until 1187, although it began to crumble from west to east even before his death. In 1151, the Ghaznavid sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni itself, fleeing to Lahore (now in Pakistan). The Sultan Mahmud spent much of his life battling against what he called infidels—Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Muslim splinter-groups such as the Ismailis. In fact, the Ismailis seem to have been a particular target of his wrath, since Mahmud (and his nominal overlord, the Abbasid caliph) considered them heretics. Nonetheless, Mahmud of Ghazni seems to have tolerated non-Muslim people so long as they did not oppose him militarily. This record of relative tolerance would continue into the following Muslim empires in India: the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) and the Mughal Empire (1526–1857). Sources Duiker, William J. Jackson J. Spielvogel. World History, Vol. 1, Independence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2006.Mahmud Of Ghazni. Afghan Network.Nazim, Muhammad. The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, CUP Archive, 1931.Ramachandran, Sudha. â€Å"Asias Missiles Strike at the Heart.†Ã‚  Asia Times Online., Asia Times, 3 Sept. 2005.

Good and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr....

To what extent does the novella The strange case Of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde explore the notion that human nature is comprised both of good and evil, and how does the imagery support this theory? This essay will confront the issue of good and evil, and its usage and theories throughout the book The strange case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde. The story is based around Mr.Uttersons, a longtime friend of Dr.Jekyll, search for the truth and the connection between Jekyll and Hyde, ending in the realization that they are actually the same person. The story centers around the idea that there is a struggle between peoples good and evil sides, it merely depends on which you nurture more. There is also this idea that one side of you will†¦show more content†¦As it was some where in the 19th century it would have been the Victorian period, the Victorians were particularly interested in psychology and science. Jekylls discoveries were closely linked to the Victorians fascination with science, even before the course of my scientific discoveries had begun to suggest the most naked possibility of such a miracle. As the Victorians took their lives very seriously, Jekyll had to do so to, in the course of my life, which had after all, nine-tenths a life of effort, virtue and control. This meant that Jekyll had to repress his darker more fun loving side to remain in the standing that he did. Throughout the novella there is a constant power struggle between Jekyll and Hyde, which Hyde eventually wins but Jekyll finishes by taking his and his counterparts life. In the beginning Jekyll is in full control, all he has to do is drink the potion and Edward Hyde would pass away like a stain of breath upon a mirror. Also another important discovery to know was that in the beginning there was only pain turning into Hyde but as committed more atrocities, Jekyll became more consumed by evil, finding it hard to become himself again. Jekyll soon comes upon the theory that Hyde is smaller in person because Jekylls evil side has been less exercised, but as Hyde commits more wrongs his stature becomes stronger. Two weeks before the murder of Sir Danvers, Jekyll is in bed in Sohowhen he falls back toShow MoreRelatedStevensons Representation of Good and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1522 Words   |  7 PagesRepresentation of Good and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde In this piece of coursework, I am asked to first of all, discuss how the novel is mainly concerned with the struggle between good and evil. Next, I will be moving on to discovering the historical, social, and cultural issues of the novel; this will discus what Stevensons literary influences were. 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Robert Stevenson’s gothic novella The StrangeRead MoreStevenson and Conrad: The Duality of Human Nature 778 Words   |  3 Pagestwo famous English authors, Robert Louis Stevenson and Joseph Conrad. Stevenson and Conrad both incorporate the theme of the duality of human nature within their own novellas. Stevenson employs this theme throughout his novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and similarly Conrad employs this theme throughout his novella Heart of Darkness. In both novellas the theme is found in the literary devices of symbolism and personification. Although both works embody the theme of the duality ofRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1147 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde it is regarded that these identities are two different persons but this is not the case, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are one in the same. There is much confusion when reading this literary work by Robert Louis Stevenson; this piece is regarded as horrific and disturbing in many ways. But the biggest twist is when it is reveled to the reader that these two people are the same and that below the surface of Dr.Jekyll is an evil man who enjoys committing evilRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pages Nia Givens The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde Christianity was very important in Victorian London. The concept of the duality of good and evil that was taught in the story of the Garden of Eden was widely used in Victorian literature. â€Å"Duality, humorously and simply stated, is the split of one into two, while still existing as one.† (Lopez). Duality is a theme found throughout Robert Louis Stevenson’s ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde’. Most of the story is related in the third

The Write Term Paper Game

The Write Term Paper Game What Everybody Dislikes About Write Term Paper and Why Before the paper is written, thorough research has to be undertaken. You may believe that running your paper by means of a spelling checker is sufficient, but it never is. A fantastic term paper includes a great structure. A superb term paper writing service will be able to help you write term papers inside your deadline. In addition, the information that will show up on the paper has to be relevant and accurate. There's a time consuming job of the research paper. Such students may avoid unwanted grades by getting a term paper. If you wish to get high excellent research and thesis papers in time and for a fair price, you should probably try out using EssaySupply.com. You might be searching for the best term paper help online. The rates are extremely reasonably priced and comparatively low. Despite how it might not be simple that you deliver exemplary written term papers by yourself, you may readily acquire expert assistance online. If you're on the lookout for the ideal essay company for your hard-earned dollars, take a look at the credentials of our. On-line custom writing paper services that may write papers for money play a crucial role in a life of. By having a very clear model to guide you, you're going to know where to concentrate on with regard to direction, sources, organization and standard clarity. The work of writing term papers for money is increasing in popularity online, with expert writers trained in specific topic fields that may deliver the very best. The Essentials of Write Term Paper That You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Immediately While you considering whether to purchase essays, it's an excellent concept to look at the advantages of employing a customized sample writing service like Ultius. If you are looking for a customized term paper writing service, then you have arrived at the perfect spot. So as to get started there are some important steps which you have to take. The procedure for ordering papers is extremely uncomplicated and. After you feel you're done, examine the text again and you'll observe that you still haven't picked up everything. Writing the introduction is hard so that you might risk losing your motivation at the very start. Work is piling up, and you merely don't understand how you're get it all done! Looking for a great essay writer isn't a problem we have a group of. The History of Write Term Paper Refuted If you wish to do academic writing assignments you may want the help a writing service that provides access to clients who is seeking assistance from a professional writer. In truth, it's just one of many steps of proofreading. You're simply reminding your reader of the points that were made. With us, you'll never get stuck without on-demand assistance. Definitions of Write Term Paper Thus, for your convenience, you have a superb chance to monitor the development of the assigned writer and make sure an essay will be ready in a timely method. Write my essay is frequently the catchphrase of students who find it tricky to compose papers. Before you purchase essays from Ultius, be certain you carefully review other sample essays we've written previously. Writing quality essays is the principal role of our services. It is crucial to give it to our writers because they've been drafting texts for students for a long time. UK students need to be cautious when choosing research paper writing. All About Write Term Paper There are an increasing number of folks who offer writing services to make money. If you're on the lookout for custom written term papers for money you're at the correct location. If students aren't careful, they will wind up being taken for a ride. The majority of the students have a tendency to surf the world wide web and discover solutions.

Entrepreneurship and Development of Business †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship and Business Development. Answer: Common patterns between the fields of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is related to the development of business venture by touching several fields such as corporate, start-up and social. These are three types of entrepreneurship that will be explained by considering the opportunity of technology as the point of discussion. Innovation and technology implementation is the key aspects of the success of the three fields of business. Technological innovation is related to the contribution of the several attributes of technology to the higher economic output of the country that is responsible for the higher economic output. The technology used in this study as the opportunity for entrepreneurship development is hydroponics (Bataineh and Zecca 2017). The concept of corporate entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship and start up are different from one another. Corporate entrepreneurship is defined as the development of new business opportunities and ideas within an established or large enterprise that leads directly to the enhancement of the competitive position and the improvement of the organizational profitability or can be the strategic renewal of the business models. The opportunity of technology is proven to be a great help in order to implement strategies of innovation to the world of hydroponics. Technologies can be used in the field of research and development for the cost reduction of the methods that are involved in growing crops without soil (Orsini et al. 2013). Technology can be also used in every small business operations for faster communication and perfect results of the productivity of the cultivation of the crops as well as the organizational excellence in the field of hydro-culture. The companies use the nutri ent solutions instead of soil for the growth of the crops and plants in the water solvent. The techniques that are used in the technology of hydroponics are aeroponics, static solution culture, run to waste, rotary, deep-water culture, fogponics, NFT technique, top feed deep-water culture, passive sub irrigation, etc. The substrates that are used are pumice, gravel, sand, sheep wool, rock wool, perlite, rice husks, grow-stones, coir peat, vermiculite, brick shards, etc. On the other hand, the nutrient solutions that are used in the hydroponics method of agriculture are tools, mixing solutions, organic hydroponic solutions, inorganic hydroponic solutions, etc. Carbon dioxide is used as a form of advancements (Wamukoya and Ngweno 2017). It can be said that this is a huge innovation in the science of agriculture. Day by day rate of pollution is increasing that affects the quality of the elements of cultivation i.e. air, water and soil. Hence, the technology of hydroponics is prevailing. The technology is new and is adopted by many entrepreneurs in various countries of the world. The products that are cultivated by using this method are quite different from the foods cultivated by normal methods of agriculture. Hence, the technologies have immense growth opportunity. It is up to the entrepreneurs regarding the use of the technology for developing their business idea (Brown-Paul 2014). Start-ups use a different form of entrepreneurship. Usually these are small fast growing companies. Hence, investment in the utilization of the technology is less than that of corporate entrepreneurship. The pattern of utilizing the technology is different as the forms of operations of the business are different from the other forms of entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurs on the other hand utilize this technology or fund while expecting of getting benefit in the fields of the environmental, social, cultural issues, etc. They are recognized as for-profit organizations. The aim of this entrepreneurship is not related to individual benefit (Wamukoya and Ngweno 2017). Instead of it, social entrepreneurship focuses on the benefit of the society and environment as a whole. Utilization of hydroponics will be used for social benefit by the social entrepreneurs of the for profit organizations. References Bataineh, A. and Zecca, F., 2017. Challenges and Potential of Future Agricultural Development in Jordan: Role of Education and Entrepreneurship.Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies,5(3 S1), p.11. Brown-Paul, C., 2014. California greening.Practical Hydroponics and Greenhouses, (141), p.36. Orsini, F., Kahane, R., Nono-Womdim, R. and Gianquinto, G., 2013. Urban Agriculture in the developing world: a review.Agronomy for sustainable development,33(4), pp.695-720. Wamukoya, C.M. and Ngweno, A., 2017. I-Entrepreneurship: Changing Lives Through Technology. InDigital Kenya(pp. 163-186). Palgrave Macmillan UK.