Implicit and Explicit Long-Term Memory

Implicit and Explicit Long-Term Memory Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Differences Between Implicit and Explicit Long-Term Memory By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 31, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 31, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Information that you have to consciously work to remember is known as explicit memory, while information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly is known as implicit memory. People often focus more on the topic of explicit memory, but researchers are becoming increasingly interested in how implicit memory works and how it influences knowledge and behavior. As any student can tell you, sometimes it takes a lot of work and effort to commit information to memory. When youre studying for a big exam, it might take hours of practice in order to remember what you studied. However, some other events, details, and experiences enter our memory with little or no effort. For example, on the way to class, you might hear a catchy pop song on the radio. Days later, you find yourself still humming that same tune. Why does it seem like some things are so difficult to remember  and other things so easy? Whats the difference? Cindy Chung/Verywell Explicit Memory When youre trying to intentionally remember something (like a formula for your statistics class or a list of dates for your history class), this information is stored in your explicit memory. People use these memories every day, from remembering information for a test to recalling the date and time of a doctors appointment. Explicit memory is also known as declarative memory since you can consciously recall and explain the information. Types of Explicit Memory Episodic memory: These are your long-term memories of specific events, such as what you did yesterday or your high school graduation.Semantic memory: These are memories of facts, concepts, names, and other general knowledge. Examples of Explicit Memory Some tasks that require the use of explicit memory include remembering what you learned in your psychology class, recalling your phone number, identifying who the current president is, writing a research paper, and remembering what time youre meeting a friend to go to a movie. Remembering the names and locations of different countries on a mapRecalling an event that happened in the pastRecalling all of the items on your shopping listBeing able to remember the birth dates of friends and family membersRemembering an important event from your life such as your school graduation, wedding, or another notable milestone Many examples of explicit memory involve textbook learning or experiential memories. These are things that you consciously need to bring into awareness. How Long Does Short-Term Memory Last? Implicit Memory Things that people dont purposely try to remember are stored in implicit memory. This kind of memory is both unconscious and unintentional. Implicit memory is also sometimes referred to as nondeclarative memory since you are not able to consciously bring it into awareness. Where explicit memories are conscious and can be verbally explained, implicit memories are usually non-conscious and not verbally articulated. Implicit memories are often procedural and focused on the step-by-step processes that must be performed in order to complete a task.   Procedural memories, such as how to perform a specific task like swinging a baseball bat or making toast, are one type of implicit memory since you dont have to consciously recall how to perform these tasks.  While implicit memories are not consciously recalled, they still influence how you behave as well as your knowledge of different tasks. Examples of Implicit Memory Some examples of implicit memory include singing a familiar song, typing on your computer keyboard, and brushing your teeth. Riding a bike is another example. Even after going years without riding one, most people are able to hop on a bike and ride it effortlessly. Navigating a familiar area such as your house or neighborhoodRemembering the words to a popular song after hearing the first few notesRecalling how to boil water to fix dinnerKnowing how to use utensilsRemembering how to drive a carKnowing how to dress yourself each day As you can see, these are skills that you learn and then dont have to relearn again in order to perform them. These memories are largely unconscious and occur automatically; you dont need to think about all of the exact steps you need to follow in order to complete each task. How Explicit and Implicit Memory Work In order to understand some of the key differences between these two types of memory, it can be helpful to compare the two: Explicit Memory Are encoded to memory and later retrieved Are often formed deliberately through rehearsal Can be encoded unconsciously and tied to emotions May be drawn into awareness through associations Implicit Memory Begins with learning skills and mastering a task Becomes automatic over time with repetition Recall is often dependent upon context and cues Can result in priming, or responding the same way to similar stimuli Heres a quick demonstration that you can try to show how implicit and explicit memory work. Type the following sentence without looking down at your hands: Every red pepper is tantalizing. Now, without looking, try naming the ten letters that appear in the top row of your keyboard. You probably found it quite easy to type the above sentence without having to consciously think about where each letter appears on the keyboard. That task requires implicit memory. Having to recall which letters appear in the top row of your keyboard, however, is something that would require explicit memory. Since you have probably never sat down and intentionally committed the order of those keys to memory, its not something that you are able to easily recall. Influences on Explicit and Implicit Memory Research suggests that there are a number of factors that can influence the formation of both explicit and implicit memory, including stress levels and emotional states. One study found that high-stress levels on working memory, a part of short-term memory that acts as a temporary holding space for information people are focusing on at the moment. This part of memory is important in the formation of explicit memories. The research also suggested that stress may actually facilitate the formation of implicit memories for negative emotional information. Studies have also suggested that mood can also play an important role in the formation and recall of explicit and implicit memories.   A Word From Verywell Explicit and implicit memory play important roles in shaping your ability to recall information and interact in your environment. Knowing some of the major differences between the two is important for understanding how memory works. How Stress Affects Memory

Biography of Mahmud of Ghazni, First Sultan in History

Mahmud of Ghazni (Nov. 2, 971–April 30, 1030), the first ruler in history to assume the title of sultan, founded the Ghaznavid Empire. His title signified that the Muslim Caliph remained the religious leader of the empire despite being the political leader of a vast swath of land, encompassing much of what is now Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. Fast Facts: Mahmud of Ghazni Known For: First sultan in historyAlso Known As: Yamin ad-Dawlah Abdul-Qasim Mahmud ibn SabukteginBorn: Nov. 2, 971 in Ghazna,  Zabulistan,  Samanid EmpireParents: Abu Mansur Sabuktigin, Mahmud-i Zavuli  Died: April 30, 1030 in GhaznaHonor: Pakistan named its  short-range ballistic missile  the  Ghaznavi Missile  in his honor.Spouse: Kausari JahanChildren: Mohammad  and  Masud (twins) Early Life On Nov. 2, 971, Yamin ad-Dawlah Abdul-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktegin, better known as Mahmud of Ghazni, was born in the town of Ghazna (now known as Ghazni), in southeast Afghanistan. His father Abu Mansur Sabuktegin was Turkic, a former Mamluk warrior-slave from Ghazni. When the Samanid dynasty, based in Bukhara (now in Uzbekistan) began to crumble, Sabuktegin seized control of his hometown of Ghazni in 977. He then conquered other major Afghan cities, such as Kandahar. His kingdom formed the core of the Ghaznavid Empire, and he is credited with founding the dynasty. Not much is known about Mahmud of Ghaznis childhood. He had two younger brothers; the second one, Ismail, was born to Sabuktegins principal wife. The fact that she, unlike Mahmuds mother, was a free-born woman of noble blood would turn out to be key in the question of succession when Sabuktegin died during a military campaign in 997. Rise to Power On his deathbed, Sabuktegin passed over his militarily and diplomatically skilled eldest son Mahmud, 27, in favor of the second son, Ismail. It seems likely that he chose Ismail because he was not descended from slaves on both sides, unlike the elder and younger brothers. When Mahmud, who was stationed at Nishapur (now in Iran), heard of his brothers appointment to the throne, he immediately marched east to challenge Ismails right to rule. Mahmud overcame his brothers supporters in 998, seized Ghazni, took the throne for himself, and placed his younger brother under house arrest for the rest of his life. The new sultan would rule until his own death in 1030. Expanding the Empire Mahmuds early conquests expanded the Ghaznavid realm to roughly the same footprint as the ancient Kushan Empire. He employed typical Central Asian military techniques and tactics, relying primarily on a highly mobile horse-mounted cavalry, armed with compound bows. By 1001, Mahmud had turned his attention to the fertile lands of the Punjab, now in India, which lay southeast of his empire. The target region belonged to fierce but fractious Hindu Rajput kings, who refused to coordinate their defense against the Muslim threat from Afghanistan. In addition, the Rajputs used a combination of infantry and elephant-mounted cavalry, a formidable but slower-moving form of army than the Ghaznavids horse cavalry. Ruling a Huge State Over the next three decades, Mahmud of Ghazni would make more than a dozen military strikes into Hindu and Ismaili kingdoms to the south. By the time of his death, Mahmuds empire stretched to the shores of the Indian Ocean at southern Gujarat. Mahmud appointed local vassal kings to rule in his name in many of the conquered regions, easing relations with non-Muslim populations. He also welcomed Hindu and Ismaili soldiers and officers into his army. However, as the cost of constant expansion and warfare began to strain the Ghaznavid treasury in the later years of his reign, Mahmud ordered his troops to target Hindu temples and strip them of vast quantities of gold. Domestic Policies The Sultan Mahmud loved books and honored learned men. In his home base at Ghazni, he built a library to rival that of the Abbasid caliphs court in Baghdad, now in Iraq. Mahmud of Ghazni also sponsored the construction of universities, palaces, and grand mosques, making his capital city the jewel of Central Asia. Final Campaign and Death In 1026, the 55-year-old sultan set out to invade the state of Kathiawar, on Indias west (Arabian Sea) coast. His army drove as far south as Somnath, famous for its beautiful temple to the Lord Shiva. Although Mahmuds troops successfully captured Somnath, looting and destroying the temple, there was troubling news from Afghanistan. A number of other Turkic tribes had risen up to challenge Ghaznavid rule, including the Seljuk Turks, who had already captured Merv (Turkmenistan) and Nishapur (Iran). These challengers had already begun to nibble away at the edges of the Ghaznavid Empire by the time Mahmud died on April 30, 1030. The sultan was 59 years old. Legacy Mahmud of Ghazni left behind a mixed legacy. His empire would survive until 1187, although it began to crumble from west to east even before his death. In 1151, the Ghaznavid sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni itself, fleeing to Lahore (now in Pakistan). The Sultan Mahmud spent much of his life battling against what he called infidels—Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Muslim splinter-groups such as the Ismailis. In fact, the Ismailis seem to have been a particular target of his wrath, since Mahmud (and his nominal overlord, the Abbasid caliph) considered them heretics. Nonetheless, Mahmud of Ghazni seems to have tolerated non-Muslim people so long as they did not oppose him militarily. This record of relative tolerance would continue into the following Muslim empires in India: the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) and the Mughal Empire (1526–1857). Sources Duiker, William J. Jackson J. Spielvogel. World History, Vol. 1, Independence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2006.Mahmud Of Ghazni. Afghan Network.Nazim, Muhammad. The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, CUP Archive, 1931.Ramachandran, Sudha. â€Å"Asias Missiles Strike at the Heart.†Ã‚  Asia Times Online., Asia Times, 3 Sept. 2005.

Good and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr....

To what extent does the novella The strange case Of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde explore the notion that human nature is comprised both of good and evil, and how does the imagery support this theory? This essay will confront the issue of good and evil, and its usage and theories throughout the book The strange case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde. The story is based around Mr.Uttersons, a longtime friend of Dr.Jekyll, search for the truth and the connection between Jekyll and Hyde, ending in the realization that they are actually the same person. The story centers around the idea that there is a struggle between peoples good and evil sides, it merely depends on which you nurture more. There is also this idea that one side of you will†¦show more content†¦As it was some where in the 19th century it would have been the Victorian period, the Victorians were particularly interested in psychology and science. Jekylls discoveries were closely linked to the Victorians fascination with science, even before the course of my scientific discoveries had begun to suggest the most naked possibility of such a miracle. As the Victorians took their lives very seriously, Jekyll had to do so to, in the course of my life, which had after all, nine-tenths a life of effort, virtue and control. This meant that Jekyll had to repress his darker more fun loving side to remain in the standing that he did. Throughout the novella there is a constant power struggle between Jekyll and Hyde, which Hyde eventually wins but Jekyll finishes by taking his and his counterparts life. In the beginning Jekyll is in full control, all he has to do is drink the potion and Edward Hyde would pass away like a stain of breath upon a mirror. Also another important discovery to know was that in the beginning there was only pain turning into Hyde but as committed more atrocities, Jekyll became more consumed by evil, finding it hard to become himself again. Jekyll soon comes upon the theory that Hyde is smaller in person because Jekylls evil side has been less exercised, but as Hyde commits more wrongs his stature becomes stronger. Two weeks before the murder of Sir Danvers, Jekyll is in bed in Sohowhen he falls back toShow MoreRelatedStevensons Representation of Good and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1522 Words   |  7 PagesRepresentation of Good and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde In this piece of coursework, I am asked to first of all, discuss how the novel is mainly concerned with the struggle between good and evil. Next, I will be moving on to discovering the historical, social, and cultural issues of the novel; this will discus what Stevensons literary influences were. Subsequently, I will be exploring the actual evil character oh Mr. Edward Hyde; this will includeRead More Good and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson4276 Words   |  18 PagesGood and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson Throughout the story of â€Å"The Strange Case Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†, the author, Robert Louis Stevenson, presents his idea of the duality of man- where we all have a dark, wicked side within us, where evil is held in waiting to surface, but we hide it away, we pretend it does not exist, and we keep it tame. He presents this idea by using two protagonists, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, who are actually the sameRead MoreHow Good and Evil Are Portrayed in the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( Not Finished Completely)852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde In the novel ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ Robert Louis Stevenson explores humankinds conflicting forces of Good and Evil. Through the central characters and the key theme of the duplicity of mankind Robert Louis Stevenson successfully portrays the theme of Good and Evil in the novel ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In the novel good is portrayed by Henry Jekyll and Gabriel Utterson. Mr. Utterson is a London lawyer and anRead More How Stevenson Explores the Nature of Good and Evil in the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1093 Words   |  5 PagesNature of Good and Evil in the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The story is about a doctor called Jekyll who has an alternate identity called Hyde. Until the last two chapters it is told from the view point of Mr Utterson; a friend of Jekyll’s who is trying to piece together the story. It uses features of gothic novels such as doppelganger which is an alternate identity. It also uses multiple narratives to make the reader think, it also helps the reader solve the case themselvesRead MoreIdeas Of Good And Evil Follow From The Earliest Of Days.847 Words   |  4 PagesIdeas of good and evil follow from the earliest of days. Robert Louis Stevenson’s parents lived devout in their Christianity, but Stevenson did not follow their ideas. G.B. Stern suggests that â€Å"Although he had rejected the Calvinist doctrines his parents taught him, the focus of the interplay of good and evil continued to influence his imagination† (Stern). Stevenson forced his parents away, but their ideas stayed in his thoughts and even affected The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. His pastRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde : Literary Review1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Literary Review The Romantic era was plagued with class conflict, poverty, and labor issues. The Victorian novel allows those who had access to them discover and focus on moral issues with society. Among the novel that were created during the era, the genre of a gothic novella emerged. Well knowns gothic novellas included Frankenstein, The Picture of Dorian Gray, and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Robert Stevenson’s gothic novella The StrangeRead MoreStevenson and Conrad: The Duality of Human Nature 778 Words   |  3 Pagestwo famous English authors, Robert Louis Stevenson and Joseph Conrad. Stevenson and Conrad both incorporate the theme of the duality of human nature within their own novellas. Stevenson employs this theme throughout his novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and similarly Conrad employs this theme throughout his novella Heart of Darkness. In both novellas the theme is found in the literary devices of symbolism and personification. Although both works embody the theme of the duality ofRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1147 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde it is regarded that these identities are two different persons but this is not the case, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are one in the same. There is much confusion when reading this literary work by Robert Louis Stevenson; this piece is regarded as horrific and disturbing in many ways. But the biggest twist is when it is reveled to the reader that these two people are the same and that below the surface of Dr.Jekyll is an evil man who enjoys committing evilRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pages Nia Givens The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde Christianity was very important in Victorian London. The concept of the duality of good and evil that was taught in the story of the Garden of Eden was widely used in Victorian literature. â€Å"Duality, humorously and simply stated, is the split of one into two, while still existing as one.† (Lopez). Duality is a theme found throughout Robert Louis Stevenson’s ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde’. Most of the story is related in the third

The Write Term Paper Game

The Write Term Paper Game What Everybody Dislikes About Write Term Paper and Why Before the paper is written, thorough research has to be undertaken. You may believe that running your paper by means of a spelling checker is sufficient, but it never is. A fantastic term paper includes a great structure. A superb term paper writing service will be able to help you write term papers inside your deadline. In addition, the information that will show up on the paper has to be relevant and accurate. There's a time consuming job of the research paper. Such students may avoid unwanted grades by getting a term paper. If you wish to get high excellent research and thesis papers in time and for a fair price, you should probably try out using EssaySupply.com. You might be searching for the best term paper help online. The rates are extremely reasonably priced and comparatively low. Despite how it might not be simple that you deliver exemplary written term papers by yourself, you may readily acquire expert assistance online. If you're on the lookout for the ideal essay company for your hard-earned dollars, take a look at the credentials of our. On-line custom writing paper services that may write papers for money play a crucial role in a life of. By having a very clear model to guide you, you're going to know where to concentrate on with regard to direction, sources, organization and standard clarity. The work of writing term papers for money is increasing in popularity online, with expert writers trained in specific topic fields that may deliver the very best. The Essentials of Write Term Paper That You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Immediately While you considering whether to purchase essays, it's an excellent concept to look at the advantages of employing a customized sample writing service like Ultius. If you are looking for a customized term paper writing service, then you have arrived at the perfect spot. So as to get started there are some important steps which you have to take. The procedure for ordering papers is extremely uncomplicated and. After you feel you're done, examine the text again and you'll observe that you still haven't picked up everything. Writing the introduction is hard so that you might risk losing your motivation at the very start. Work is piling up, and you merely don't understand how you're get it all done! Looking for a great essay writer isn't a problem we have a group of. The History of Write Term Paper Refuted If you wish to do academic writing assignments you may want the help a writing service that provides access to clients who is seeking assistance from a professional writer. In truth, it's just one of many steps of proofreading. You're simply reminding your reader of the points that were made. With us, you'll never get stuck without on-demand assistance. Definitions of Write Term Paper Thus, for your convenience, you have a superb chance to monitor the development of the assigned writer and make sure an essay will be ready in a timely method. Write my essay is frequently the catchphrase of students who find it tricky to compose papers. Before you purchase essays from Ultius, be certain you carefully review other sample essays we've written previously. Writing quality essays is the principal role of our services. It is crucial to give it to our writers because they've been drafting texts for students for a long time. UK students need to be cautious when choosing research paper writing. All About Write Term Paper There are an increasing number of folks who offer writing services to make money. If you're on the lookout for custom written term papers for money you're at the correct location. If students aren't careful, they will wind up being taken for a ride. The majority of the students have a tendency to surf the world wide web and discover solutions.

Entrepreneurship and Development of Business †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship and Business Development. Answer: Common patterns between the fields of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is related to the development of business venture by touching several fields such as corporate, start-up and social. These are three types of entrepreneurship that will be explained by considering the opportunity of technology as the point of discussion. Innovation and technology implementation is the key aspects of the success of the three fields of business. Technological innovation is related to the contribution of the several attributes of technology to the higher economic output of the country that is responsible for the higher economic output. The technology used in this study as the opportunity for entrepreneurship development is hydroponics (Bataineh and Zecca 2017). The concept of corporate entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship and start up are different from one another. Corporate entrepreneurship is defined as the development of new business opportunities and ideas within an established or large enterprise that leads directly to the enhancement of the competitive position and the improvement of the organizational profitability or can be the strategic renewal of the business models. The opportunity of technology is proven to be a great help in order to implement strategies of innovation to the world of hydroponics. Technologies can be used in the field of research and development for the cost reduction of the methods that are involved in growing crops without soil (Orsini et al. 2013). Technology can be also used in every small business operations for faster communication and perfect results of the productivity of the cultivation of the crops as well as the organizational excellence in the field of hydro-culture. The companies use the nutri ent solutions instead of soil for the growth of the crops and plants in the water solvent. The techniques that are used in the technology of hydroponics are aeroponics, static solution culture, run to waste, rotary, deep-water culture, fogponics, NFT technique, top feed deep-water culture, passive sub irrigation, etc. The substrates that are used are pumice, gravel, sand, sheep wool, rock wool, perlite, rice husks, grow-stones, coir peat, vermiculite, brick shards, etc. On the other hand, the nutrient solutions that are used in the hydroponics method of agriculture are tools, mixing solutions, organic hydroponic solutions, inorganic hydroponic solutions, etc. Carbon dioxide is used as a form of advancements (Wamukoya and Ngweno 2017). It can be said that this is a huge innovation in the science of agriculture. Day by day rate of pollution is increasing that affects the quality of the elements of cultivation i.e. air, water and soil. Hence, the technology of hydroponics is prevailing. The technology is new and is adopted by many entrepreneurs in various countries of the world. The products that are cultivated by using this method are quite different from the foods cultivated by normal methods of agriculture. Hence, the technologies have immense growth opportunity. It is up to the entrepreneurs regarding the use of the technology for developing their business idea (Brown-Paul 2014). Start-ups use a different form of entrepreneurship. Usually these are small fast growing companies. Hence, investment in the utilization of the technology is less than that of corporate entrepreneurship. The pattern of utilizing the technology is different as the forms of operations of the business are different from the other forms of entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurs on the other hand utilize this technology or fund while expecting of getting benefit in the fields of the environmental, social, cultural issues, etc. They are recognized as for-profit organizations. The aim of this entrepreneurship is not related to individual benefit (Wamukoya and Ngweno 2017). Instead of it, social entrepreneurship focuses on the benefit of the society and environment as a whole. Utilization of hydroponics will be used for social benefit by the social entrepreneurs of the for profit organizations. References Bataineh, A. and Zecca, F., 2017. Challenges and Potential of Future Agricultural Development in Jordan: Role of Education and Entrepreneurship.Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies,5(3 S1), p.11. Brown-Paul, C., 2014. California greening.Practical Hydroponics and Greenhouses, (141), p.36. Orsini, F., Kahane, R., Nono-Womdim, R. and Gianquinto, G., 2013. Urban Agriculture in the developing world: a review.Agronomy for sustainable development,33(4), pp.695-720. Wamukoya, C.M. and Ngweno, A., 2017. I-Entrepreneurship: Changing Lives Through Technology. InDigital Kenya(pp. 163-186). Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Jean Watson free essay sample

As a nurse it is imperative to integrate the psychosocial of a critically ill patient and their family into care. One not only cares for the patient’s physical health, they care for all the components that makes up the patients entity. Sick patients face many obstacles. During the different phases of illness the nurse must alter care to accommodate the patients and family’s needs. Ones acceptance to the various stages can be facilitated and expressed through the Jean Watsons Philosophy, and Transpersonal Caring Theory. Jean Watsons Theory of Caring has become essential in nursing. Caring is at the core of nursing and is vital in providing positive patient outcomes. Watson’s theory is based upon human caring relationships and experiences in human life. She acknowledges a caring relationship and caring environment preserve human dignity, wholeness, and integrity and to restore the person’s harmony it is the nurse’s responsibility to assist an individual to establish meaning in illness and suffering (Cara, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Jean Watson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nurses have a responsibility to evaluate the patient’s physical, mental, and emotional well- being. Jean Watsons Theory was derived in 1979 and revised in 1985 and 1988. The majority of her revisions were made to her carative factors, in which she believes is the concept for the core of nursing (Cara, 2008). According to Suliman, Welman, Omer and Thomas, (2009), Watsons theory suggest that â€Å"Caring is a different way of being human, present, attentive, conscious, and intentional. Nursing is centered on helping the patient achieve a higher degree of harmony within mind, body, and soul, and this harmony is achieved through caring transactions involving a transpersonal caring relationship (Cara, 2008). Human caring entails the humanitarian science of offering professional services to a needy human. This is based on the consideration that professional nursing services entail experience, knowledge, morals and empathy. Chesney and Anderson (2008) showed that Wilson’s Caring theory is derived from a moral and ethical foundation. The caregiver combines science, humanities, spirituality in enhancing the mind-body-spirit of healing. Watson’s theory is based on the notion that nurses should not rely on the practical aspects of nursing alone. One must encompass the physiological component of healing into ones practice. Instead, a willing nurse should interact with the patient on a personal level while executing ones nursing duties. (Watson, 2011). As a nurse on medical surgical unit I encounter on a consistent basis patients with varied illnesses. Many of the patients have complex needs. On this day, an 89 year old male presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of fever for one day. The patient is alert but nonverbal. He is able to follow simple commands. The daughter and grandson serve as the patient’s historian. The family gives an accurate account of the patient’s extensive medical history, which include: Parkinson’s, congestive heart failure, colon cancer, diabetes type I, aortic stenosis, dysphagia and frequent urinary tract infections. The daughter quickly verbalizes her frustration to the staff over the many questions. She demands the staff look into the computer for her father’s history. He has been admitted to the same hospital seven times over the last six months. The family appears exhausted. They are snappy and demeaning towards the staff. At one point the daughter refuses a physical assessment for her father. She states â€Å"He’s tired. That’s enough† As the primary nurse I offer the daughter a chair and a cup of coffee. She graciously accepts the beverage and takes a seat. She looks up and states â€Å"I’m so tired. I can’t do this anymore. He is here every week. What am I doing wrong? â€Å" I sit down beside her and reassure her that she has done nothing wrong. She looks up and says nothing. I continue to explain that her father is very sick and needs more attention than before. She agrees but still appears overwhelmed. We continue to speak for over thirty minutes. She confesses to leaving her job to take care of her increasingly ill father. She has now been caring for him for the last eight months, without help. She only qualifies for an aide for six hours a day, which would not allow her to work full time. She is now financially drained. Upon arrival the next morning I discuss the scenario with the social worker and case manager. Later that evening a family meeting is arranged. Although slightly reluctant the daughter agrees to allow her father to be placed in a rehabilitation center. She knows she can no longer care for him at home anymore. She is willing to do what is best for him. The staff reassures her that she is not giving up, but rather doing what is right for her father and herself. In the above scenario I applied the Jean Watson theory in providing care to the critically ill patient and the family. My treatment went beyond the technical aspect of nursing care. It ventured into the psychosocial, emotional, as well as spiritual role of the nurse. The patient’s daughter needed emotional support and guidance. She was overwhelmed, therefore was not able to function to her full capacity, hindering her father’s care. In order to provide a safe and healthy environment for the patient upon discharge the care-giver responsibilities needed to be re-evaluated. The care provided during the patient’s length of stay was not limited to the patient, but to all involved in the patients care. Watson’s theory helps incorporate ones underlying strengths to assist in practice. It allows the healing environment to encompass the patient, family and all other components that are involved in returning the patient to an optimum level of health.

JD Salinger biography essays

JD Salinger biography essays Born Jerome David Salinger on January 1, 1919 in New York City, New York, only son to Sol and Marie Salinger. Very little is known about Mr. Salingers personal life, as he is a firm recluse currently living alone in a cottage in Cornish, New Hampshire, and is insistent on keeping information about himself private. What little is known about him, however, is rather interesting. As a child, Mr. Salinger lived in Manhattans Upper West Side in New York. He attended a few private prep schools, each of which he dropped out of for his failing grades. As a teenager, he attended Valley Forge Military Academy in Pennsylvania. Rumor has it that the idea to attend the academy was his. For college Mr. Salinger attended, briefly, New York University, which he left for refusing to apply himself. He also attended Ursinus College and Columbia University, where he wrote and had published his first work, The Young Folks. For eight years following that publication, Salinger suffered through rejection after rejection by the magazine the New Yorker, until the submission of, A Perfect Day for Bananafish in 1948, which flew through the reviews and checkpoints of the magazine staff. The only exception to this was the publication of, Slight Rebellion Off Madison, which ground through the New Yorkers works before being approved two years prior. For the next two years after Bananafish, Mr. Salinger published numerous short stories in the New Yorker as well as a couple of other magazines. The single most important work of Mr. Salingers career was the publication of The Catcher in the Rye in 1951. The success of the novel was so overwhelming it may have been what caused him to isolate himself from the public eye, but he always was a bit of a loner, and seemed headed towards seclusion anyway. Because of the mystic surrounding him, many reporters and fans of Mr. Salinger have wri...